The National Academies’ 2025 consensus report said women’s-health research remains severely lacking and that medical advances for women have lagged partly because basic sex-based physiological differences are still inadequately understood.
The World Health Organization states that gender bias in health research, data collection, service design, and clinical practice has produced gaps in evidence and care. WHO says the historical reliance on male bodies and men’s experiences h
Prozac and Sarafem used the same active drug: fluoxetine. In July 2000, Eli Lilly received approval to market fluoxetine for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) under the trade name Sarafem. Lilly’s composition-of-matter patent on fluoxe
Perimenopause is not only a reproductive transition. Neuroendocrine research describes it as a neurological transition. Symptoms that can accompany changing estrogen signaling include disturbed sleep, changes in circadian regulation, sensor
1. Your body has its own cannabinoid system. It’s called the endocannabinoid system (ECS): a signaling network that runs through the whole body. The two main receptors are CB1, found mostly in the brain and nerves, and CB2, found mostly in
In a 2006 study of financial relationships among DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR panel members, every member of the Mood Disorders Work Group (8 of 8) and every member of the Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders Work Group (7 of 7) had a docume
A 2006 study examined 170 members who contributed to DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria. Ninety-five members — 56% — had one or more financial associations with pharmaceutical companies.
On average, female and male lower-body anatomy differs. Women generally have a wider pelvis and different hip-to-knee alignment, which changes the angles and forces passing through the hip, knee and lower leg during running, landing, cuttin
A 2024 systematic review of 2,323 female athletes found strong evidence that post-pubertal girls showed greater inward knee angle and greater knee-loading moments during jump landings than pre-pubertal girls. Puberty changes the body’s geom
A 2024 systematic review reports that female athletes are four to six times more likely than male athletes to sustain an ACL injury. The risk is especially important after puberty and involves anatomical, biomechanical and neuromuscular fac
