Testosterone was isolated and synthesized in 1935. The human androgen receptor was not molecularly cloned until 1988, and later research continued to map androgen signaling across the brain, cardiovascular system, muscle, bone, blood produc
A 2020 meta-analysis of human studies found that baseline testosterone had only a weak association with aggression in men (r=0.071). Challenge-related changes in testosterone were also only modestly associated with aggression in men (r=0.16
Controlled laboratory studies of acute stress and emotion regulation found that stressed men were more likely to choose distraction rather than reappraisal when regulating high-intensity negative emotion, and they reported greater regulatio
In a controlled human experiment involving 22 women, researchers measured oxytocin before and after two kinds of social conversation. Oxytocin increased significantly after the women engaged in gossip—a socially bonding form of conversation
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is produced by the American Psychiatric Association through task forces and work groups that develop and revise diagnostic criteria. Proposed criteria are reviewed, debated, te
Psychiatric diagnosis is still largely based on clinical symptoms, history, observation, and diagnostic criteria rather than a confirmatory laboratory biomarker. A 2024 review stated that psychiatry deals mainly with conditions that are not
In the CDC’s 2021 National Health Interview Survey, 64.8% of U.S. adults reported taking prescription medication during the previous 12 months. The rate was 70.9% for women and 58.4% for men.
A U.S. Government Accountability Office review reported that in July 2001 the FDA did not know how many women were included in clinical trials for new drugs, despite regulations requiring safety and efficacy data to be presented separately
In 2001, the U.S. Government Accountability Office reviewed ten prescription drugs withdrawn from the U.S. market since January 1, 1997. Eight of the ten posed greater health risks for women than for men. For four, the difference could be e
In 1985, the U.S. Public Health Service Task Force on Women’s Health Issues concluded that the historical lack of research focused on women’s health had compromised both the quality of health information available to women and the healthcar
