Among U.S. adults ages 50–59 who met Pew Research Center’s sandwich-generation definition in 2025, 61% had a living parent age 65 or older and had provided financial help to an adult child in the prior year, without also having a child unde
Pew Research Center’s synthesis of historical time-diary data found that mothers averaged about 32 hours per week of housework in 1965 and about 18 hours per week in 2011.
Among U.S. adults ages 40–49 who were in Pew Research Center’s sandwich generation in 2025, 23% had both a child younger than 18 and an adult child they had financially supported in the prior year, in addition to having a living parent age
Pew Research Center’s historical time-use analysis found that mothers’ childcare time increased from about 10.2 hours per week in 1965 to 13.5 hours per week in 2011, even as mothers’ average paid work rose from about 8 to 21 hours per week
Among U.S. adults ages 50–59 who were in Pew Research Center’s sandwich generation in 2025, 21% had both a child younger than 18 and an adult child they had financially supported in the prior year, in addition to a living parent age 65 or o
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates indicate that in 1965 women averaged about 40 hours per week in household-production activities such as cooking, cleaning, childcare, shopping, gardening, odd jobs, and related travel. Men averaged
Pew Research Center found that more than 80% of mothers’ combined paid-and-unpaid work time in 1965 was spent in housework and childcare. By 2011, that share was about 60%.
AARP and the National Alliance for Caregiving reported that 63 million Americans were family caregivers in 2025, nearly 50% more than in 2015.
BEA household-production satellite-account estimates indicate that including unpaid household production would have raised measured U.S. GDP by roughly 37–39% in 1965, depending on the BEA vintage and method used.
The U.S. Department of Labor’s National Database of Childcare Prices found that full-day care for one child cost between 8.9% and 16.0% of median family income in 2022, with annual prices ranging from $6,552 to $15,600 depending on age, pro
